zinc oxide in neat (no solvent) T=20°C; Friedel-Crafts Acylation;

1: With copper(II) oxide in cyclohexane T=75°C; 12 h; 2: With sodium hydroxide in methanol 1 h; Reflux;

hydrogenchloride in water

formic acid; palladium on activated charcoal in hexane 6 h; Ambient temperature; Yield given;

1: potassium tert-butoxide / hexane / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 2: 85percent formic acid / 10percent Pd/C / hexane / 6 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

ruthenium trichloride; sodium periodate in hexane; water; ethyl acetate T=20°C; 24 h; chemoselective reaction;

sodium hydroxide 2 h; Ambient temperature;

arylmalonate decarboxylase G74C in various solvent(s) pH=8.5; 72 h;

1: 72 percent / KOH / ethanol / 1 h / 0 °C 2: arylmalonate decarboxylase G74C/C188S / various solvent(s) / 72 h / pH 8.5 View Scheme

1.1: LDA / hexane; tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / -78 °C 1.2: 86 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 1 h / -78 - 20 °C 2.1: LDA / hexane; tetrahydrofuran / 0.5 h / -78 °C 2.2: 97 percent / tetrahydrofuran; hexane / 1 h / -78 - 20 °C 3.1: 72 percent / KOH / ethanol / 1 h / 0 °C 4.1: arylmalonate decarboxylase G74C/C188S / various solvent(s) / 72 h / pH 8.5 View Scheme