1: 87.3 percent / dimethylformamide; H2O / 6 h / Heating 2: 94.1 percent / aq. potassium hydroxide / methanol / 16 h / Heating 3: 73.5 percent / N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; N,N-dimethylaminopyridine / CH2Cl2 / 2 h View Scheme

1: 87.3 percent / dimethylformamide; H2O / 6 h / Heating 2: 94.1 percent / aq. potassium hydroxide / methanol / 16 h / Heating 3: 74.4 percent / N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; N,N-dimethylaminopyridine / CH2Cl2 / 4 h View Scheme

in water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide Substitution; 6 h; Heating;

1: 87.3 percent / dimethylformamide; H2O / 6 h / Heating 2: 94.1 percent / aq. potassium hydroxide / methanol / 16 h / Heating View Scheme

1: 87 percent / P(C4H9)3 / Heating 2: 1) 10percent NaOH, 2) HS(CH2)2SO3H / 1) reflux, 7 h, 2) 110 deg C, 16 h View Scheme