1: With hydrogenchloride in methanol; water T=100°C; 2 h; 2: With sodium hydroxide in methanol; water T=20°C; pH=6;

hydrogenchloride in water T=100°C; 0.166667 h;

1: 87 percent / NaHMDS / tetrahydrofuran; hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide / 3 h / -78 °C 2: 99 percent / H2 / PdCl2 / tetrahydrofuran; ethanol / 18 h / 2585.7 Torr View Scheme

1: 91 percent / CBr4, PPh3 / tetrahydrofuran / 1 h / 25 °C 2: 87 percent / NaHMDS / tetrahydrofuran; hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide / 3 h / -78 °C 3: 99 percent / H2 / PdCl2 / tetrahydrofuran; ethanol / 18 h / 2585.7 Torr View Scheme

α-chymotrypsin

oxygen; Fe(2+)-EDTA in water T=40°C; 4 h; electrochemical cell, pH 3;

6-methyltetrahydropterin T=30°C; rat tyrosine hydroxylase, pH 7.0; ratio of hydroxylation at 4- to that at 3-position; kinetic isotope effects on hydroxylation of ring-deuterated phenylalanines;

1: acetic anhydride; sodium acetate / 3.5 h / 115 °C / |Inert atmosphere 2: hydrogen; palladium 10 on activated carbon / methanol / 4 h / 825.08 Torr 3: Bacillus licheniformis protease; sodium hydroxide / aq. phosphate buffer / 9 h / 20 °C / pH 7.5 / |Resolution of racemate; |Enzymatic reaction 4: hydrogenchloride / aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 100 °C View Scheme

phosphate buffer T=37°C; Irradiationeffect of radical scavengers; H2O2; N2; other pH's, variation of time; Product distribution;

1.1: acetic acid; pyridine / toluene / 24 h / 110 °C / |Reflux; |Inert atmosphere; |Dean-Stark; |Large scale 2.1: 5 palladium on charcoal; hydrogen / methanol / 4 h / 20 °C / 900.09 Torr / |Large scale 3.1: potassium carbonate / acetone; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 20 h / 60 °C / |Reflux; |Large scale 4.1: sodium methylate / methanol / 10 - 40 °C / |Large scale 4.2: 2.5 h / 10 - 15 °C / |Large scale 5.1: zinc / acetic acid / 20 h / 40 - 45 °C / |Large scale 6.1: hydrogen; palladium 10 on activated carbon / methanol / 96 h / 20 °C / 900.09 Torr / |Large scale 7.1: Bacillus licheniformis protease; sodium hydroxide / aq. phosphate buffer / 9 h / 20 °C / pH 7.5 / |Resolution of racemate; |Enzymatic reaction 8.1: hydrogenchloride / aq. phosphate buffer / 2 h / 100 °C View Scheme