potassium hydroxide; hydrogen; W2 Raney nickel in ethanol P=3102.9 Torr; 18 h;

hydrogen; palladium on activated charcoal in various solvent(s) Catalytic hydrogenation; P=2120.31 - 2947.74 Torr;

1: 50 percent / cuprous chloride; copper bronze; H2O / 2 h / 25 - 35 °C 2: 71 percent / H2 / 5 percent Pd/C / various solvent(s) / 2120.31 - 2947.74 Torr View Scheme

1: 70 percent / copper bronze powder, Cu2Cl2, / dimethylformamide / 24 h / 4 °C 2: 80 percent / potassium hydroxide, H2 / W2 Raney nickel / ethanol / 18 h / 3102.9 Torr View Scheme

1: Cu / H2O 2: H2, HCl / PtO2 / ethanol View Scheme

1: 30 percent / calcium chloride, Cu2Cl2 (95percent brown powder). copper bronze powder, conc. HCl / 1 h / 0 - 5 °C 2: 42 percent / sodamide / liquid ammonia; diethyl ether 3: 70 percent / copper bronze powder, Cu2Cl2, / dimethylformamide / 24 h / 4 °C 4: 80 percent / potassium hydroxide, H2 / W2 Raney nickel / ethanol / 18 h / 3102.9 Torr View Scheme