1: With triethylamine; bromo-tris(1-pyrrolidinyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate in 1,4-dioxane T=100°C; 0.5 h; Inert atmosphereSealed vesselMicrowave irradiation; 2: With copper(l) iodide; palladium diacetate; potassium carbonate; triphenylphosphine in 1,4-dioxane; dimethylammonium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate T=120°C; 0.666667 h; Inert atmosphereMicrowave irradiationSealed vessel;

1: With palladium diacetate T=130°C; 2 h; Inert atmosphereSchlenk technique; 2: With potassium hydroxide in diethyl ether; water

NiII chloride hexahydrate; iodine; acetic acid; lithium chloride; zinc in N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=50 - 60°C; 6 h;

aluminium; mercury dichloride in tetrahydrofuran 8 h; Heatingnitrobenzene, reflux in air 4 h;

1: With 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine; n-butyllithium; N,N,N',N,-tetramethylethylenediamine; zinc(II) chloride in tetrahydrofuran; hexane 2 h; Heating; 2: With iodine in tetrahydrofuran; hexane Further stages.;

sodium amide; N,N-dimethyl-aniline

in ethanol 7 h; Reflux;

aniline

T=210 - 225°C;