1: amalgamated zinc; hydrochloric acid 2: lead oxide View Scheme

1: 90 percent / NH2OH*HCl, sodium acetate / H2O; ethanol / 0.25 h / Heating 2: 1.) acetic anhydride, 2.) HCl gas, 3.) NH3 / 1.) acetic acid, 100 deg C, 10 min, 2.) 100 deg C, 1 h, 3.) H2O View Scheme

hydrogenchloride; amalgamated zinc

1: (i), (ii) HCO2H 2: Pd-C / 280 - 310 °C View Scheme

sodium tetrahydroborate; toluene-4-sulfonic acid 1) ethanol; 2) toluene; Yield given. Multistep reaction;