potassium hydroxide; water in ethanol 1 h; Heating;

1: propionic acid 2: KOH / ethanol View Scheme

1: K2CO3 / dimethylformamide 2: propionic acid 3: KOH / ethanol View Scheme

1: aq. KOH / methanol; tetrahydrofuran 2: aq. sodium dodecyl sulfate, HCl / 0.75 h 3: 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone / H2O; tetrahydrofuran View Scheme

1: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin With nickel diacetate in N,N-dimethyl-formamide T=80°C; Metallation; 2 h; 2: chloroacetic acid With sodium hydroxide in water T=90°C; Substitution; 2 h; 3: With trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform T=20°C; Hydrogenation; 3 h;

1: aq. sodium dodecyl sulfate, HCl / 0.75 h 2: 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone / H2O; tetrahydrofuran View Scheme

1: 35 percent / K2CO3, KI / dimethylformamide / 2 h / Heating 2: 82 percent / 10percent KOH, water / ethanol / 1 h / Heating View Scheme

pyridine; potassium permanganate; water 2 h;