sodium t-butanolate in toluene T=60 - 80°C; 11 h;

1: diethoxyphosphoryl-acetic acid ethyl ester With sodium hydride in toluene T=40 - 45°C; 2 h; 2: (1S)-2-chloro-1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1-ethanol in toluene T=40 - 60°C; 14.5833 h;

dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer; 2,6-bis[(4S)-isopropyl-2-oxazolin-2-yl]pyridine in toluene T=50 - 55°C; Product distribution / selectivity;

1.1: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / toluene / 0.5 h / 40 - 45 °C 1.2: 6 h / Reflux 2.1: 2,6-bis[(4S)-isopropyl-2-oxazolin-2-yl]pyridine; dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer / toluene / 50 - 55 °C View Scheme

1: AlCl3, aluminium chloride / 1.33 h / 50 °C 2: boric acid trimethyl ester; (S)-(-)-α,α-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol; dimethylsulfide borane complex / tetrahydrofuran; toluene / 1.5 h / 35 - 45 °C 3: sodium hydroxide / water; toluene / 1 h / 40 °C 4: sodium t-butanolate / toluene / 11 h / 60 - 80 °C View Scheme

1: boric acid trimethyl ester; (S)-(-)-α,α-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol; dimethylsulfide borane complex / tetrahydrofuran; toluene / 1.5 h / 35 - 45 °C 2: sodium hydroxide / water; toluene / 1 h / 40 °C 3: sodium t-butanolate / toluene / 11 h / 60 - 80 °C View Scheme

1: With methanol; sodium hydroxide; water in toluene T=65°C; 2 h; 2: With hydrogenchloride in water; toluene

1: water; sodium hydroxide / methanol / 1 h / 65 °C 2: thionyl chloride / 8 h / 35 °C 3: ammonia; water / ethyl acetate / 1 h / 10 °C 4: sodium hypochlorite; water; sodium hydroxide / 14 h / 40 °C 5: N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine / dichloromethane / 16 h 6: hydrogenchloride; water / methanol / 1 h View Scheme

formic acid methyl ester; ammonia; sodium methylate in methanol T=20 - 60°C; P=1500.15 Torr; 4 h;